We saw that material can be deposited on the silicon wafer by various techniques such as PVD,…

In the previous chapter, we saw that the silicon should be changed to “N” type…

Etching PCB is to use the materials of chemical reactions or physical impact of technologies…

X-ray lithography  uses collimated x-rays as the exposing energy. Being much shorter in wavelength than light,…

The name optical lithography comes from the early application where the exposing energy was visible…

The process of lithographically fabricating microcomponents is analogous to printing a photograph in a darkroom.…

Photomasks used for optical lithography contain the pattern of the integrated circuits. The basis is…

Photolithography is the standard method of printed circuit board (PCB) and microprocessor fabrication. The process…

THERMAL OXIDATION is a chemical process, where silicon dioxide (SiO) is grown in an ambient…

·         MBE is low temperature process which is advantageous for VLSI ·         While preparing thin layers using…