X-ray Lithography
X-ray lithography  uses collimated x-rays as the exposing energy. Being much shorter in wavelength than light,…
Optical Lithography
The name optical lithography comes from the early application where the exposing energy was visible…
Lithographic Processes
The process of lithographically fabricating microcomponents is analogous to printing a photograph in a darkroom.…
Photomask manufacture
Photomasks used for optical lithography contain the pattern of the integrated circuits. The basis is…
photolithography
Photolithography is the standard method of printed circuit board (PCB) and microprocessor fabrication. The process…
Physics of Thermal Oxidation
THERMAL OXIDATION is a chemical process, where silicon dioxide (SiO) is grown in an ambient…
Advantages of MBE Over CVD Process
·         MBE is low temperature process which is advantageous for VLSI ·         While preparing thin layers using…
Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE)
MBE equipment MBE main blocks MBE process characteristics Effusion cell Growth mechanism MBE system
Epitaxial Growth
Epitaxy is used to deposit N on N+ silicon, which is impossible to accomplish by…